I got tired of the AI writing before finding out if they even attempted to contact Apple about this issue? Does anyone know?
Also, massively over-dramatised. Yes, a bug worth finding and knowing about, but it’s not a time bomb - very few users are likely to be affected by this.
Knowing the nature of OS kernels, I’m guessing even just putting a Mac laptop to sleep would be enough to avoid this issue as it would reset the TCP stack - which may be why some people are reporting much longer uptimes without hitting this problem, since (iirc) uptime doesn’t reset on Macs just for a sleep? Only for a full reboot?
Anyway, all in all, yeah hopefully Apple fix this but it’s not something anyone needs to panic about.
> very few users are likely to be affected by this
I have a reasonably strong suspicion that I experienced this a week or two back, on a MacBook that doesn't go into sleep automatically and quite likely had 50-ish days of uptime.
It had all the symptoms described - tcp connections not working while I could still ping everywhere just fine, and all the other devices on the same network were fine. Switching WiFi networks and plugging in to ethernet didn't help. A reboot "fixed" it.
Yep, I concur: this explains a bizarre behavior I’ve noted in my Mac laptops for ages now. I have a tendency to just suspend them without rebooting for ages, especially the work one that doesn’t leave my office as frequently. Periodically, I’d come in to find the system bizarrely frozen just as they describe: TCP stack blocked up, but everything else on it behaving normally. (Well, mostly: some apps would block starting and bounce eternally, but I suspect that’s because they’re trying to make a network call while starting up and it’s blocking.) The only fix was a reboot.
It’s not a disaster, but very annoying. At least now I can just schedule a reboot every 30 days at minimum to keep things running.
Apparently no. They'll be fixing it themselves? It really reads like Claude run amok on the blog.
> We are actively working on a fix that is better than rebooting — a targeted workaround that addresses the frozen tcp_now without requiring a full system restart. Until then, schedule your reboots before the clock runs out.
This is a bug of course, but it would cause sockets in TCP_WAIT state to be reaped anytime tcp_gc() is called, regardless of whether 2*MSL has passed or not. This only happens though if tcp_now gets stuck after 4,294,937,296 ms from boot.
A bug similar to what the blog described can happen however if tcp_now gets stuck at least 30 seconds before it it would have wrapped. Since tcp_now is only updated if there is TCP traffic, this can happen if there is no TCP traffic for at least 30 seconds before before it would roll over (MAX_INT ms from boot).
It's should be easy to prevent the latter from happening with some TCP traffic, though reaping TCP_WAIT connections early isn't great either.
Since the code they show and their comment says `uint32_t timer` wraps, but then their math doesn’t wrap it, I wonder how they missed this.
It’s also weird that their “smoking gun” example is with active TCP traffic, which (should?) be updating tcp_now and would make them more likely to fall into the “TCP_WAIT is immediately closed” case.
Does anybody else find these AI-authored blog posts difficult to read? Something about the writing style and structure just feels unnatural, it's hard put my finger on it.
At the very least, the writing takes way too long to get to a point.
AI does a good job of condensing the blog post to 2 paragraphs -- Mac refuses to let the tcp_now clock rollover when it exceeds the max value in its data type.
This but Gemini and Email - literally marketed as "write bullet points and Gemini will draft your email", followed by "received a long email? Let Gemini summarise it for you."
The world's most effective _de_compression technology for email - total waste of time and compute when combined, but each product would make sense in isolation if human-generated mail was the majority of email sent/received (except sadly it isn't). We're using AI to spam people, AI to detect spam, AI to write non-spam and AI to summarise non-spam. AI inefficiency at every level and no way back.
> It will not be caught in development testing — who runs a test for 50 days?
You don't have to run the system for 50 days. You can simulate the environment and tick the clock faster. Many high reliability systems are tested this way.
IIRC the initial value for the jiffies time counter in Linux kernel is initialized at boot time to something like five minutes before the wraparound point, precisely to catch this kind of issues.
It uses a hardware clock, one that pauses during sleep. There is no tick.
If you wanted to see how time impacts the program, you'd prob change fns like calculate_tcp_clock to take uptime as an argument so that you could sanity check it.
Yeah, but if you're going to go through all that work because you have to foresight to test how clocks impact code, it would be simpler to stub and test the few functions that call the code (where the bug was). The bug wasn't in the hardware.
Individual TCP connections don't need to live that long. Once a macOS system reaches 49.7 days of uptime, this bug starts affecting all TCP connections.
If the count it returns keeps growing, you're seeing a slow leak. At some point, new connections will start failing. How soon depends entirely on how quickly your machine closes new connections.
Since a lot of client traffic involves the server closing connections instead, I imagine it could take a while.
It's unclear if it'll leak whenever your mac closes or only when it fails to get a (FIN, ACK) back from the peer so the TCP_WAIT garbage collector runs. If it's the latter, then it could take substantially longer, depending on connection quality.
You can run `sysctl kern.boottime` to get when it was booted and do the math from there.
I also can't reproduce. I want to say I have encountered this issue at least once, yesterday I before rebooted my uptime was 60 days.
But it's not instant, it just never releases connections. So you can have uptime of 3 years and not run out of connections or run out shortly after hitting that issue.
I'm just going from the bug description in the article, but it seems that depending on your network activity, the exact time you will actually notice an impact could vary quite a bit
if it's in keepalive or retransmission timers, desktop use would mask it completely. browsers reconnect on failure, short-lived requests don't care about keepalives. you'd only notice in things that rely on the OS detecting a dead peer — persistent db connections, ssh tunnels, long-running streams.
> Am I supposed to be having issues with TCP connections right now? (I'm not.)
If my skim read of the slop post is correct, you'll only have issues on that machine if it hasn't spent any of that time asleep. (I have one Macbook that never sleeps, and I'm pretty sure it hit this bug a week or two back.)
I meant that having a connection live that long isn't necessary to trigger this bug. I know that for some workloads, it can be important for connections to live that long.
have multiple macOS machines with 600-1000+ day uptimes, which do TCP connections every minute or so at a minimum, they are still expiring their TIME_WAIT connections as normal.
these kernel versions:
Darwin Kernel Version 20.6.0: Thu Jul 6 22:12:47 PDT 2023; root:xnu-7195.141.49.702.12~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8101 arm64
Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0: Wed Apr 24 21:17:24 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4570.71.45~1/RELEASE_X86_64 x86_64
There may be a short time period where this bug occurs, and if you get enough TCP connections to TIME_WAIT in that period, they could stick around, maybe. But I think the original post is completely overreacting and was probably written by a LLM, lol.
There does appear to be a bug, but it's not what the blog describes.
If tcp_now stops updating at <= 2^32 - 30000 milliseconds, then TSTMP_GEQ(tcp_now, timer) will always fail since timer is tcp_now + 30000 which won't wrap.
This does look like it is possible since calculate_tcp_clock() which updates tcp_now only runs when there's TCP traffic. So if at 49 days uptime you halted all TCP traffic and waited about a day, tcp_now would be stuck at the value before you halted TCP traffic.
In cases where tcp_now gets stuck at > 2^32 - 30000, it looks like TCP sockets in the TIME_WAIT will end up being closed immediately instead of waiting 30 seconds, which isn't great either.
tcp_now’s maximum cannot physically reach 2^32 because the trailing zeros of that number exceeds the bit width of data type.
Therefore, tcp_now + 30000 will wrap when tcp_now is equal to 2^32 - 3000.
Your inequality sign should be strict <, otherwise the result does not follow.
It should be that if tcp_now gets stuck before (<) (2^32 - 30000) ms from boot, it would cause deadline timers for reaping TCP_WAIT would always be greater than tcp_now because it wouldn't wrap. If stuck at or after (>=) (2^32 - 30000), it would cause them to potentially be reaped faster they should be.
Actually looking at the code a bit more, it looks like calculate_tcp_clock() is run at least once per hour even when there's no TCP traffic or sockets open, so getting into the state where it never reaps TIME_WAIT sockets which would be hard to predict if this would happen.
It also looks like if tcp_now gets stuck, other tcp timers may have problems as well.
> Apple Community #250867747: macOS Catalina — "New TCP connections can not establish." New connections enter SYN_SENT then immediately close. Existing connections unaffected. Only a reboot fixes it.
This is a weird thing to cite if it's a macOS 26 bug. I quite regularly go over 50 days of uptime without issues so it makes sense for it to be a new bug, and maybe they had different bugs in the past with similar symptoms.
As someone who also operates fleets of Macs, for years now, there is no possible way this bug predates macOS 26. If the bug description is correct, it must be a new one.
This type of problem plagues all sorts of software. Having experienced this type of problem before, for Guild Wars game servers -- which run deterministic game instances that live for long periods of time -- we initialized a per-game-context variable that gets added to Windows GetTickCount() to a value such that the result was either 5 seconds before 0x7fff_ffff ticks, or 5 seconds before 0xffff_ffff ticks, so that any weird time-computation overflow errors would be likely to show up immediately.
The article does mention a few instances found over the years, including the windows one. That’s the one I remember though because we used to joke it was not a big deal - the only way for a windows 95 computer to reach 49 days of uptime is if it’s literally not doing anything or being used in any way. Windows 95 would crash if you looked at it funny.
It could be an overflow but related with the frequency at which the register was increasing, rather than the max value of te register. E.g. +1 this uint16 (65535) once every 500,000 cycles on this 32 Mhz chip, that previously was a 1 Mhz chip and never had a problem.
This made me remember some folks that are "I never reboot my MacOS and it's fine!". Yeah probably it is but I'll never trust any computer without periodic reboots lol.
I’m still at where when I connect external hard drive or SSD via USB, use it and then eject it, I shut down the MacBook Pro completely before I unplug the USB cable. Just in case.
The longest uptime I have had on any of my recent laptops is probably around 90 days but that’s because that laptop was sitting in my garage with wall power connected (probably bad for the battery) and some external storage connected and I’d remote into that machine over WireGuard now and then. When I did reboot that machine it was only out of habit that I accidentally clicked on reboot via a remote graphical session.
Most of the time my remote use of the laptop in the garage would be ssh sessions, but occasionally I’d use Remote Desktop. Right after I clicked reboot in the Remote Desktop session I realized what mistake I had just done - I have WireGuard set up to start after login. So after the reboot, I was temporarily unable to get back in. As I was in another country I couldn’t just walk over to the garage. But I do have family that could, so I instructed one of them over the phone on how to log in for me so that WireGuard would automatically start back up. You’d think this would happen only once, but I probably had to send family to the garage on my behalf maybe three or four times after me having made the same mistake again.
For the laptops that I actually carry around and plug and unplug things to etc, normal amount of time between reboots for me is somewhere between every 1 and 3 days. Cold boot is plenty fast anyway, so shutting it down after a day of work or when ejecting an external HDD or SSD doesn’t really cost me any noticeable amount of time.
> I’m still at where when I connect external hard drive or SSD via USB, use it and then eject it, I shut down the MacBook Pro completely before I unplug the cable. Just in case.
That sounds... a bit paranoid? At least on Linux (Gnome), if I click to "safely remove drive" it actually powers off the drive and stops external mechanical drives from spinning. No useful syncing is going to happen anyway once a hard drive no longer spins. A modern OS should definitely be reliable enough that it can be trusted to properly unmount a drive.
> For the laptops that I actually carry around and plug and unplug things to etc, normal amount of time between reboots for me is somewhere between every 1 and 3 days. Cold boot is plenty fast anyway, so shutting it down after a day of work or when ejecting an external HDD or SSD doesn’t really cost me any noticeable amount of time.
I personally don't reboot my laptop that often, but it's not because of a boot taking too much time. It's because I like to keep state: open applications, open files, terminal emulator sessions, windows on particular virtual desktops, etc.
22:22:45 up 3748 days 21:20, 2 users, load average: 1.42, 1.36, 1.02
It's very funny, I think it's because my laptop battery died and when I replaced it, it had to update the time from 10 years ago? I'm not sure why, as the laptop is from mid-2012.
Nobody keeps their Macs running for more than 49.7 days? We have Windows Servers here (with long-term TCP/IP connections) that are only rebooted every 6 months to apply patches.
Macs that no longer get reboot-requiring updates by Apple usually have long(er) uptimes. :) My record here with my primary Mac mini was a bit over a year. Only to be forced to reboot because of a power outage.
Generally it feels like sometimes you boot into a stable "session" that can go on forever, but often enough you boot in a "session" and something goes wrong quickly and you'll have to reboot after a week or two. But I do experience the same with my Raspberry PI. :)
I'm pretty certain I've run into this a couple of times now since upgrading to Tahoe last year and had been wondering what the deal was. Had never thought to check the uptime and make note of it, but I basically never shut down my laptop.
I rarely restart my Mac mini, and I have never had such an issue beyond my internet provider suddenly stopping properly working in the middle of the night.
If you want to see exactly when your machine will hit this, I threw together a fish shell function that calculates the precise timestamp, mostly vibe coded.
When some Russians do a prompt injection and OpenClaw is threatening to send your NSFW pics to Grandma unless you give it some Bitcoin all you have to do is drag out the negotiations for 49 days!
"His involvement with Linux began in the early 1990s when he was working on a project that required a stable networking solution. This led him to discover Linux, which was still in its infancy at the time.
Contributions to Linux Kernel
Cox's contributions to the Linux kernel are extensive and far-reaching. He is best known for his work on the Linux networking stack, which was critical in making Linux a viable option for server environments. Cox identified and addressed numerous issues in the kernel's TCP/IP implementation, enhancing its performance and reliability." [0]
"For those not familiar with the Linux kernel contributors, Alan Cox wrote large parts of the networking stack, was the maintainer of the 2.2 branch, and was commonly considered the "second in command" to Linus Torvalds at one point: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cox"
[1]
"Alan started working on Version 0. There were bugs and problems he could correct. He put Linux on a machine in the Swansea University computer network, which revealed many problems in networking which he sorted out; later he rewrote the networking software. [2]
So, you're implying that there is a second person named Alan Cox from Swansea, Wales who worked on FreeBSD, not Linux? Where is your source for that? lol
I do see some networking stuff on there, but much after Apple forked tcp. I don't know that Apple took much memory management from BSD either. Most likely, neither Alan Cox is relevant to Mac.
Also, massively over-dramatised. Yes, a bug worth finding and knowing about, but it’s not a time bomb - very few users are likely to be affected by this.
Knowing the nature of OS kernels, I’m guessing even just putting a Mac laptop to sleep would be enough to avoid this issue as it would reset the TCP stack - which may be why some people are reporting much longer uptimes without hitting this problem, since (iirc) uptime doesn’t reset on Macs just for a sleep? Only for a full reboot?
Anyway, all in all, yeah hopefully Apple fix this but it’s not something anyone needs to panic about.
I have a reasonably strong suspicion that I experienced this a week or two back, on a MacBook that doesn't go into sleep automatically and quite likely had 50-ish days of uptime.
It had all the symptoms described - tcp connections not working while I could still ping everywhere just fine, and all the other devices on the same network were fine. Switching WiFi networks and plugging in to ethernet didn't help. A reboot "fixed" it.
It’s not a disaster, but very annoying. At least now I can just schedule a reboot every 30 days at minimum to keep things running.
My uptime resets only when forced by an OS upgrade and I have never experienced this issue. This is consistent with the sleep-heals-the-stack theory.
> We are actively working on a fix that is better than rebooting — a targeted workaround that addresses the frozen tcp_now without requiring a full system restart. Until then, schedule your reboots before the clock runs out.
Sometimes it just stops networking completely, turning the wifi adapter on/off brings it back just fine. It's also a good time to reboot =)
Remember the golden rule: if you can't be bothered to write it yourself, why should your audience be bothered to read it ourselves?
A bug similar to what the blog described can happen however if tcp_now gets stuck at least 30 seconds before it it would have wrapped. Since tcp_now is only updated if there is TCP traffic, this can happen if there is no TCP traffic for at least 30 seconds before before it would roll over (MAX_INT ms from boot).
It's should be easy to prevent the latter from happening with some TCP traffic, though reaping TCP_WAIT connections early isn't great either.
It’s also weird that their “smoking gun” example is with active TCP traffic, which (should?) be updating tcp_now and would make them more likely to fall into the “TCP_WAIT is immediately closed” case.
At the very least, the writing takes way too long to get to a point.
The world's most effective _de_compression technology for email - total waste of time and compute when combined, but each product would make sense in isolation if human-generated mail was the majority of email sent/received (except sadly it isn't). We're using AI to spam people, AI to detect spam, AI to write non-spam and AI to summarise non-spam. AI inefficiency at every level and no way back.
You don't have to run the system for 50 days. You can simulate the environment and tick the clock faster. Many high reliability systems are tested this way.
If you wanted to see how time impacts the program, you'd prob change fns like calculate_tcp_clock to take uptime as an argument so that you could sanity check it.
The code that uses that value can be run in an environment where that value can be controlled.
I have written code that does this same thing and built a test harness for it.
Current `uptime` on my work MacBook (macOS 15.7.4):
Am I supposed to be having issues with TCP connections right now? (I'm not.)My personal iMac is at 279 days of uptime.
$ netstat -an | grep -c TIME_WAIT
If the count it returns keeps growing, you're seeing a slow leak. At some point, new connections will start failing. How soon depends entirely on how quickly your machine closes new connections.
Since a lot of client traffic involves the server closing connections instead, I imagine it could take a while.
It's unclear if it'll leak whenever your mac closes or only when it fails to get a (FIN, ACK) back from the peer so the TCP_WAIT garbage collector runs. If it's the latter, then it could take substantially longer, depending on connection quality.
Mac `grep -c` counts lines that match, so it always prints 1 line, so piping to wc -l will always return 1.
Or just open up and do netstat -an |grep TCP_WAIT and just watch it. If any don't disappear after a few minutes, then you're seeing the issue.
https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blame/f6217f8...
I can live with the writing style when the topic is interesting (here it was for me) but complete untruths are much worse.
I also can't reproduce. I want to say I have encountered this issue at least once, yesterday I before rebooted my uptime was 60 days.
But it's not instant, it just never releases connections. So you can have uptime of 3 years and not run out of connections or run out shortly after hitting that issue.
> Am I supposed to be having issues with TCP connections right now? (I'm not.)
If my skim read of the slop post is correct, you'll only have issues on that machine if it hasn't spent any of that time asleep. (I have one Macbook that never sleeps, and I'm pretty sure it hit this bug a week or two back.)
They almost never do live that long, for whatever reason, but they should.
these kernel versions:
Darwin Kernel Version 20.6.0: Thu Jul 6 22:12:47 PDT 2023; root:xnu-7195.141.49.702.12~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8101 arm64
Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0: Wed Apr 24 21:17:24 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4570.71.45~1/RELEASE_X86_64 x86_64
so... wonder what that's about?
There may be a short time period where this bug occurs, and if you get enough TCP connections to TIME_WAIT in that period, they could stick around, maybe. But I think the original post is completely overreacting and was probably written by a LLM, lol.
If tcp_now stops updating at <= 2^32 - 30000 milliseconds, then TSTMP_GEQ(tcp_now, timer) will always fail since timer is tcp_now + 30000 which won't wrap.
This does look like it is possible since calculate_tcp_clock() which updates tcp_now only runs when there's TCP traffic. So if at 49 days uptime you halted all TCP traffic and waited about a day, tcp_now would be stuck at the value before you halted TCP traffic.
In cases where tcp_now gets stuck at > 2^32 - 30000, it looks like TCP sockets in the TIME_WAIT will end up being closed immediately instead of waiting 30 seconds, which isn't great either.
tcp_now’s maximum cannot physically reach 2^32 because the trailing zeros of that number exceeds the bit width of data type.
Therefore, tcp_now + 30000 will wrap when tcp_now is equal to 2^32 - 3000. Your inequality sign should be strict <, otherwise the result does not follow.
It should be that if tcp_now gets stuck before (<) (2^32 - 30000) ms from boot, it would cause deadline timers for reaping TCP_WAIT would always be greater than tcp_now because it wouldn't wrap. If stuck at or after (>=) (2^32 - 30000), it would cause them to potentially be reaped faster they should be.
Actually looking at the code a bit more, it looks like calculate_tcp_clock() is run at least once per hour even when there's no TCP traffic or sockets open, so getting into the state where it never reaps TIME_WAIT sockets which would be hard to predict if this would happen.
It also looks like if tcp_now gets stuck, other tcp timers may have problems as well.
https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blame/f6217f8...
This is a weird thing to cite if it's a macOS 26 bug. I quite regularly go over 50 days of uptime without issues so it makes sense for it to be a new bug, and maybe they had different bugs in the past with similar symptoms.
https://discussions.apple.com/thread/250867747
says 51 days, which would be an interesting number of (milli)seconds
https://airguide.info/boeing-787s-must-be-turned-off-every-5...
guess i'm marked safe!
torp@machinename ~ % uptime 11:43 up 59 days, 1:22, 4 users, load averages: 2.87 2.69 2.70
Sleep is disabled on that machine and it definitely had networking working fine last night.
Mac Mini M2, Sequoia.
Incidentally my laptop says 75 days uptime, but that one does go to sleep.
It's Tahoe specific
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47670995
% netstat -an | grep TIME_WAIT | wc -l
850
All other systems with < 49.7 days uptime report low single to double digit numbers.
The longest uptime I have had on any of my recent laptops is probably around 90 days but that’s because that laptop was sitting in my garage with wall power connected (probably bad for the battery) and some external storage connected and I’d remote into that machine over WireGuard now and then. When I did reboot that machine it was only out of habit that I accidentally clicked on reboot via a remote graphical session.
Most of the time my remote use of the laptop in the garage would be ssh sessions, but occasionally I’d use Remote Desktop. Right after I clicked reboot in the Remote Desktop session I realized what mistake I had just done - I have WireGuard set up to start after login. So after the reboot, I was temporarily unable to get back in. As I was in another country I couldn’t just walk over to the garage. But I do have family that could, so I instructed one of them over the phone on how to log in for me so that WireGuard would automatically start back up. You’d think this would happen only once, but I probably had to send family to the garage on my behalf maybe three or four times after me having made the same mistake again.
For the laptops that I actually carry around and plug and unplug things to etc, normal amount of time between reboots for me is somewhere between every 1 and 3 days. Cold boot is plenty fast anyway, so shutting it down after a day of work or when ejecting an external HDD or SSD doesn’t really cost me any noticeable amount of time.
That sounds... a bit paranoid? At least on Linux (Gnome), if I click to "safely remove drive" it actually powers off the drive and stops external mechanical drives from spinning. No useful syncing is going to happen anyway once a hard drive no longer spins. A modern OS should definitely be reliable enough that it can be trusted to properly unmount a drive.
> For the laptops that I actually carry around and plug and unplug things to etc, normal amount of time between reboots for me is somewhere between every 1 and 3 days. Cold boot is plenty fast anyway, so shutting it down after a day of work or when ejecting an external HDD or SSD doesn’t really cost me any noticeable amount of time.
I personally don't reboot my laptop that often, but it's not because of a boot taking too much time. It's because I like to keep state: open applications, open files, terminal emulator sessions, windows on particular virtual desktops, etc.
The problem isn't just in the OS side of the stack. Disk firmwares - especially SSDs - love to lie to the layers above [1].
[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46239726
22:22:45 up 3748 days 21:20, 2 users, load average: 1.42, 1.36, 1.02
It's very funny, I think it's because my laptop battery died and when I replaced it, it had to update the time from 10 years ago? I'm not sure why, as the laptop is from mid-2012.
I thought I had a record going here with my Dell laptop, but I guess you win. After a certain point, I just decided to see how long I can make it go.
Generally it feels like sometimes you boot into a stable "session" that can go on forever, but often enough you boot in a "session" and something goes wrong quickly and you'll have to reboot after a week or two. But I do experience the same with my Raspberry PI. :)
calc_tcp_overflow_time.fish: https://gist.github.com/daveorzach/64538f82a89fa24e5d134557c...
monitor_tcp_time_wait.fish: https://gist.github.com/daveorzach/0964a7a67c08c50043ff707cf...
God I wish Apple offered first party support for Linux on Mac computers.
That's what the wiki says anyway: [1], and a publication with his name is about huge pages [2]
[1] https://wiki.freebsd.org/AlanCox
[2] https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/osdi02/tech/full_papers...
"His involvement with Linux began in the early 1990s when he was working on a project that required a stable networking solution. This led him to discover Linux, which was still in its infancy at the time.
Contributions to Linux Kernel
Cox's contributions to the Linux kernel are extensive and far-reaching. He is best known for his work on the Linux networking stack, which was critical in making Linux a viable option for server environments. Cox identified and addressed numerous issues in the kernel's TCP/IP implementation, enhancing its performance and reliability." [0]
"For those not familiar with the Linux kernel contributors, Alan Cox wrote large parts of the networking stack, was the maintainer of the 2.2 branch, and was commonly considered the "second in command" to Linus Torvalds at one point: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cox" [1]
"Alan started working on Version 0. There were bugs and problems he could correct. He put Linux on a machine in the Swansea University computer network, which revealed many problems in networking which he sorted out; later he rewrote the networking software. [2]
[0] https://machaddr.substack.com/p/kernel-chronicles-insights-a...
[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8548738
[2] https://web.archive.org/web/20200923003028/https://www.swans...
Alan Cox relevant to Mac is Alan Cox, professor(+etc) at Rice and well known FreeBSD contributor; no connection to Swansea, Wales, AFAIK. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=z28ApZkAAAAJ&hl=en
I do see some networking stuff on there, but much after Apple forked tcp. I don't know that Apple took much memory management from BSD either. Most likely, neither Alan Cox is relevant to Mac.